Module 3. Animal Structure & Function (Emphasis on Mammals)
Cardiovascular and respiratory stystem
- Describe the relationship between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems as it pertains to oxygen and carbon dioxide transport/exchange.(see pictures below),Explain how the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are controlled. (see pictures below),Describe the roles of the different components of the respiratory and cardiovascular system.(see pictures below)
HOMEOSTASIS
- Explain the various mechanisms the body uses to maintain homeostasis, negative & positive feedback loops, and temperature and fluid balance(Ch. 11)-Homeostasis- The primary feedback mechanism that the body uses in order to maintain homeostasis is negative feedback. These feedback mechanism works through various pathways with centers in the brain acting as an integrating center. For example, when you eat something and digest and absorb it, your body will release insulin in order to prevent glucose levels from becoming to high. If any feedback mechanism malfunctions, you have a disease state. (more here)
Citation- Homeostasis., The Need To Maintain. Maintaining the Internal Environment(n.d.): n. pag. Web.
Citation- Homeostasis., The Need To Maintain. Maintaining the Internal Environment(n.d.): n. pag. Web.
blood flow
There are arteries and veins in the body that carry blood. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and into the other parts of your body and veins carry blood back to the heart.
<<< as seen in this picture there are many different veins and many different arteries.
citation(for picture)- "Circulatory System." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 26 May 2014. Web. 26 May 2014
brain
The human brain has 5 main parts. One being the Cerebellum that is responsible for- posture, balance, and coordination. Another part is occipital lobe that is responsible for vision and language. Another is the temporal lobe that is responsible for emotions, and learning. Another is the frontal lobe that is responsible for speech and smell and lastly the parietal love that is responsible for hand skills, motor function, and sensory functions.
Nervous system
- Differentiate the roles of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system in controlling bodily functions, behaviors, and actions. (Ch. 13) Answer-
The Central Nervous System consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The Cerebral Cortex, which is involved in a variety of higher cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions is more developed in humans than any other animal. It is what we see when we picture a human brain, the gray matter with a multitude of folds covering the cerebrum. The brain is divided into two symmetrical hemispheres: left (language, the ‘rational’ half of the brain, associated with analytical thinking and logical abilities) and right (more involved with musical and artistic abilities). The brain is also divided into four lobes:
o Frontal – (motor cortex) motor behavior, expressive language, higher level cognitive processes, and orientation to person, place, time, and situation
o Parietal – (somatosensory Cortex) involved in the processing of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
o Occipital – (visual cortex) interpretation of visual information
o Temporal – (auditory cortex) receptive language (understanding language), as well as memory and emotionThe Peripheral Nervous System is divided into two sub-systems. The Somatic Nervous System – primary function is to regulate the actions of the skeletal muscles. Often thought of as mediating voluntary activity. The other sub-system, called the Autonomic Nervous System, regulates primarily involuntary activity such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. Although these activities are considered involuntary, they can be altered either through specific events or through changing our perceptions about a specific experience. This system is further broken down into two complimentary systems: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems.
The Sympathetic Nervous System controls what has been called the "Fight or Flight" phenomenon because of its control over the necessary bodily changes needed when we are faced with a situation where we may need to defend ourselves or escape. Imagine walking down a dark street at night by yourself. Suddenly you hear what you suspect are footsteps approaching you rapidly. What happens?
Your Sympathetic Nervous System kicks in to prepare your body: your heart rate quickens to get more blood to the muscles, your breathing becomes faster and deeper to increase your oxygen, blood flow is diverted from the organs so digestion is reduced and the skin gets cold and clammy and rerouted so to speak to the muscles, and your pupils dilate for better vision. In an instant, your body is prepared to either defend or escape
Citation-
"The Brain and Nervous System in Psychology 101 at AllPsych Online." The Brain and Nervous System in Psychology 101 at AllPsych Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2014
- Explain how the nervous system communicates and controls an organism. (Ch. 13)
Answer-
Through neurons, neurotransmitters, and hormones the nervous system communicates with with the rest of the body.
The Central Nervous System consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The Cerebral Cortex, which is involved in a variety of higher cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions is more developed in humans than any other animal. It is what we see when we picture a human brain, the gray matter with a multitude of folds covering the cerebrum. The brain is divided into two symmetrical hemispheres: left (language, the ‘rational’ half of the brain, associated with analytical thinking and logical abilities) and right (more involved with musical and artistic abilities). The brain is also divided into four lobes:
o Frontal – (motor cortex) motor behavior, expressive language, higher level cognitive processes, and orientation to person, place, time, and situation
o Parietal – (somatosensory Cortex) involved in the processing of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
o Occipital – (visual cortex) interpretation of visual information
o Temporal – (auditory cortex) receptive language (understanding language), as well as memory and emotionThe Peripheral Nervous System is divided into two sub-systems. The Somatic Nervous System – primary function is to regulate the actions of the skeletal muscles. Often thought of as mediating voluntary activity. The other sub-system, called the Autonomic Nervous System, regulates primarily involuntary activity such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. Although these activities are considered involuntary, they can be altered either through specific events or through changing our perceptions about a specific experience. This system is further broken down into two complimentary systems: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems.
The Sympathetic Nervous System controls what has been called the "Fight or Flight" phenomenon because of its control over the necessary bodily changes needed when we are faced with a situation where we may need to defend ourselves or escape. Imagine walking down a dark street at night by yourself. Suddenly you hear what you suspect are footsteps approaching you rapidly. What happens?
Your Sympathetic Nervous System kicks in to prepare your body: your heart rate quickens to get more blood to the muscles, your breathing becomes faster and deeper to increase your oxygen, blood flow is diverted from the organs so digestion is reduced and the skin gets cold and clammy and rerouted so to speak to the muscles, and your pupils dilate for better vision. In an instant, your body is prepared to either defend or escape
Citation-
"The Brain and Nervous System in Psychology 101 at AllPsych Online." The Brain and Nervous System in Psychology 101 at AllPsych Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2014
- Explain how the nervous system communicates and controls an organism. (Ch. 13)
Answer-
Through neurons, neurotransmitters, and hormones the nervous system communicates with with the rest of the body.
Pathogens
- Describe the array of potential pathogens humans are exposed to every day. (Ch. 14)
Answer-
The 6 main types of pathogens are viruses(can not treat) example: flu, bacteria(can treat with antibiotics), fungi, protozoan, nematodes, and microsporidia.
- Describe how an organism is able to defend itself from pathogenic organisms or other pathogenic material. (Ch. 14)
Answer-
white blood cells attack the organisms (immune system)
Answer-
The 6 main types of pathogens are viruses(can not treat) example: flu, bacteria(can treat with antibiotics), fungi, protozoan, nematodes, and microsporidia.
- Describe how an organism is able to defend itself from pathogenic organisms or other pathogenic material. (Ch. 14)
Answer-
white blood cells attack the organisms (immune system)
Healthy diet
- Identify and describe the components of a healthy diet. (Ch. 15)
Answer-
A healthy diet provides the body with essential nutrition: fluid, adequate essential amino acids from protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and adequate calories. The requirements for a healthy diet can be met from a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods. A healthy diet supports energy needs and provides for human nutrition without exposure to toxicity or excessive weight gain from consuming excessive amounts.
Citation(picture)- "To Your Health: Dr. Safdi on Healthy Eating." Telluride Inside… and Out. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2014.
Citation(text)-"Healthy Diet." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 25 May 2014. Web. 27 May 2014.
Food and the blood stream
- Trace the path that food travels from the mouth to the bloodstream....Identify key places where nutrients are extracted. (Ch. 15)
Answer-
First you chew and swallow it, and it goes into your stomach. The stomach acids help break down the food. Then it is moved into your small intestines. This is where you have secretions from your pancreas, liver, and gallbladder to help digest the food more. After the food has been digested (=broken down), it can be absorbed - which means it is taken up into the bloodstream. In the small intestines, the nutrients are taken up by cellular transporters across intestinal cells to the surrounding veins.
Citation(text)-"How Food Is Digested ~You ARE What You Eat!" How Food Is Digested ~You ARE What You Eat! N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2014.
Citaion(picture)-"Digestive System." Digestive System. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2014
Answer-
First you chew and swallow it, and it goes into your stomach. The stomach acids help break down the food. Then it is moved into your small intestines. This is where you have secretions from your pancreas, liver, and gallbladder to help digest the food more. After the food has been digested (=broken down), it can be absorbed - which means it is taken up into the bloodstream. In the small intestines, the nutrients are taken up by cellular transporters across intestinal cells to the surrounding veins.
Citation(text)-"How Food Is Digested ~You ARE What You Eat!" How Food Is Digested ~You ARE What You Eat! N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2014.
Citaion(picture)-"Digestive System." Digestive System. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2014
cellular respiration
- Explain the general steps/process of cellular respiration. (see picture below)
Citation- "Cellular Respiration." Cellular Respiration. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2014.
Citation- "Cellular Respiration." Cellular Respiration. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2014.
Plot Objectives
-Identify 5 non-mammalian organisms in your Plot and compare a physiological system to those of mammals for each of the five organisms you identified in your Plot.(see pictures below)
-Refer to the fetal pig dissection in lab as well as lecture and textbook content.(Day 1 and 2 pig dissection)
-Using the 5 species you already identified from your Plot, research their nervous systems to identify a unique characteristic they have that allows them to function in the ecosystem. If you cannot find something unique in their nervous system, then look at other physiological systems we have covered.
-Certain organisms have unique adaptations that allow them to survive. For example,wolves have over 200 million receptor cells for the sense of smell in their nostrils. Try to find items of that sort for your research.
-Identify 5 non-mammalian organisms in your Plot and compare a physiological system to those of mammals for each of the five organisms you identified in your Plot.(see pictures below)
-Refer to the fetal pig dissection in lab as well as lecture and textbook content.(Day 1 and 2 pig dissection)
-Using the 5 species you already identified from your Plot, research their nervous systems to identify a unique characteristic they have that allows them to function in the ecosystem. If you cannot find something unique in their nervous system, then look at other physiological systems we have covered.
-Certain organisms have unique adaptations that allow them to survive. For example,wolves have over 200 million receptor cells for the sense of smell in their nostrils. Try to find items of that sort for your research.